巨噬细胞移动抑制因子促进有氧糖酵解与直肠癌细胞耐药性的关系

黄荣,汪泓,陈保华,樊明湖

(中国人民解放军第一八四医院 普通外科,江西 鹰潭 335000)

摘 要 目的:探讨巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)在结直肠癌细胞耐药中的作用和机制。方法:用5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)药物浓度持续递增法诱导人结直肠癌细胞株LoVo细胞构建5-FU耐药的人结肠癌LoVo/5-FU细胞。检测指标包括细胞对5-FU的敏感性(IC50)、细胞MIF蛋白表达、细胞葡萄糖摄取水平、细胞中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、细胞培养基上清中乳酸水平,分别用CCK-8法、Western blot、2-NBDG法、微孔法、试剂盒法检测。比较LoVo/5-FU细胞与亲本LoVo细胞间上述指标的差异,并检测用siRNA或慢病毒技术干扰或过表达MIF蛋白,或用PFKFB3抑制剂PFK-15抑制有氧糖酵解后,LoVo/5-FU细胞上述指标的变化。结果:成功构建LoVo/5-FU细胞,该细胞的MIF蛋白表达、对5-FU的IC50、葡萄糖摄取、LDH活性和乳酸生成水平都较其亲本LoVo细胞明显升高(均P<0.05);在LoVo/5-FU细胞上,siRNA干扰MIF后表现为MIF蛋白表达、对5-FU的IC50、葡萄糖摄取、LDH活性和乳酸生成水平均明显减少,而MIF蛋白过表达后表现为上述指标的明显升高(均P<0.05);用PFK-15抑制有氧糖酵解后,LoVo/5-FU细胞对5-FU的IC50、葡萄糖摄取、乳酸水平均明显降低(均P<0.05),但LDH活性无明显变化(P>0.05),PFK-15对MIF过表达的LoVo/5-FU细胞也有同样作用(均P<0.05)。结论:MIF通过上调LoVo细胞有氧糖酵解,诱导其对5-FU耐药能力的增加。

关键词 结直肠肿瘤;抗药性,肿瘤;巨噬细胞游走抑制因子;糖酵解

近年来,随着人们健康意识的提高,结直肠癌的诊断和治疗有显著的提高[1]。但随着治疗进展,结直肠癌耐药的发生率也越来越高。结直肠癌耐药的发生严重影响了治疗效果,严重威胁患者的生存率[2-3]。因此,进一步阐明结直肠癌的耐药机制,寻找新的治疗靶点是目前研究的热点。巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibition factor,MIF)在肿瘤的发生、发展和转移中发挥重要的促进作用[4-6]。新近的研究[8]表明,MIF与乳腺癌[7]、骨肿瘤等耐药相关,但其是否参与结直肠癌耐药的发生及具体机制鲜有报道。因此,本研究进一步探讨MIF在结直肠癌耐药的作用和机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

人结直肠癌细胞株L o V o来源本实验室。D M E M培养基(l i f e公司,美国),胎牛血清(Gibco公司,美国);5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)(Sigma公司,美国);6-磷酸果糖激酶-2/果糖双磷酸酶-2(6-phosphofructo-2-kinase,P F K F B 3)抑制剂P F K-1 5(S e l l e c k公司,中国);荧光标记的葡萄糖类似物2-N B D G(Thermo公司,美国);乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性检测试剂盒和乳酸(lactate)含量检测试剂盒(Sigma公司,美国);C C K-8试剂盒(D o j i n d o公司,日本);MIF抗体(CST公司,美国);β-actin(proteintech公司,中国);嘌呤霉素(和元生物,上海),LipofectamineTM 2000 Transfection Reagent(lip-2000,invitrogen,美国)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 耐药结直肠癌细胞LoVo(LoVo/5-FU)构建 耐药株的构建参考文献[9-11]报道的方法。用含5-FU的培养基(DMEM,含10%胎牛血清)培养LoVo,从5 μmol/L开始,溶度逐渐递增,每2周增加 5 μmol/L,持续 24 周。可见 LoVo在 15 μmol/L 保持稳定生长。

1.2.2 5-FU对结直肠癌细胞LoVo生长抑制曲线建立 参考Wei等[12]方法构建生长抑制曲线。1×104个/孔的结直肠癌细胞LoVo种于96孔板中,12 h后,加入不同溶度的 5-FU(10 μmol/L~1 mmol/L)。孵育 72 h 后,加入 CCK-8 10 μL/孔孵育2 h,酶标仪检测吸光度,描绘生长抑制曲线,计算 IC50

1.2.3 干预处理 ⑴ MIF的siRNA干扰:si-RNA由上海吉玛生物公司帮忙设计及合成,阴性对照序列:GGC TAC GTC CAG GAG CGC ACC,si-MIF:ACA GGG UCU ACA UCA AUA dTdT。 将 20 μmol si-RNA 和 5 μL lip-2000 混 合 于 100 μL 无 血 清的DMEM中静置15 min后,加入细胞长至70%的6孔板中。12 h后更换含10%胎牛血清的新鲜DMEM,继续培养 48 h,Western blot检测 MIF 蛋白水平。⑵ PFKFB3抑制剂PFK-15处理:PFK-15按终浓度 10 μmol/L预处理细胞 1 h后,再与相应处理。⑶ MIF过表达:过表达MIF蛋白的慢病毒由上海和元生物予构建及合成。1×105/孔细胞种于6孔板中,24 h后加入终滴度为5×106的慢病毒,12 h后更换继续含10%胎牛血清的新鲜DMEM,继续培养48 h,荧光显微镜下观察转染情况。同时给予终浓度为800 μg/L的嘌呤霉素培养1周,观察细胞再无死亡,并荧光显微镜下95%细胞带绿色应该后Western blot检测MIF蛋白表达。

1.2.4 Western blot检测MIF表达 提取全细胞胞浆蛋白,加入5×上样缓冲液,沸水煮10 min后-20 ℃保存。SDS-PAGE 胶分离蛋白(90 V,1.5 h),转膜(冰浴,90 V,2 h),封闭(5%脱脂奶粉,常温,2 h),一抗(1:1 000)4 ℃过夜孵育,二抗(1:5 000)常温 1 h,TBST 5min/次 ×3 次洗膜后ECL显影。

1.2.5 葡萄糖摄取率检测 参考Fischer等[13]的方法,葡萄糖的摄取率通过细胞对2-NBDG摄取量来反映。细胞在无血清条件下培养24 h后更换为含37 kBq/mL 2-NBDG 的低糖 DMEM 继续培养 24 h。消化细胞后留小部分细胞计数,其他用0.5 mol/L氢氧化钠裂解细胞15 min后,加入同体积0.5 mol/L盐酸中和。用液体闪烁计数仪(HIDEX 300SL,芬兰)检测细胞裂解液的dpm值。(LoVo总放射活性-非特异性结合的放射活性)/(细胞数·24 h)即得出LoVo葡萄糖摄取量。

1.2.6 微孔法检测LDH活性 LDH活性检测根据产品说明书(Sigma-Aldrich,MAK066)进行。收集各组细胞1×106,加入100 μL细胞裂解液孵 育 冰 上 10 min 后,13 000 r/min 离 心 10 min去除杂质,收集上清。乳酸溶液、1×的INT溶液、酶溶液等体积混合为工作液。50 μL标准版品(10 milliunits/mL)或样品和 50 μL 工作液等体积混合后加入96孔板中,室温避光孵育30 min,酶标仪490 nm测量样品吸光度。LDH活性=(样品孔吸光度-背景空白对照孔吸光度)/(标准管吸光度-标准空白管吸光度)×标准品浓度。

1.2.7 微孔法检测乳酸水平 乳酸水平检测根据试剂盒说明书(Sigma-Aldrich,MAK064)进行。各组细胞按1×106/孔种于6孔版中,12 h后更换1 mL/孔无血清培养基培养24 h。收集细胞培养基,13 000 r/min 离心 10 min 去除杂质。将 20 μL样品、26 μL乳酸盐测定缓冲液、2 μL乳酸酶混合物和2 μL乳酸盐探针混合,在室温下孵育30 min。酶标仪570 nm测量样品吸光度。用溶度微1 mmol/L的乳酸盐标准物 0、2、4、6、8、10 μL分别加入由26 μL乳酸盐测定缓冲液、2 μL乳酸酶混合物和2 μL乳酸盐探针混合物中建立标准曲线。

1.3 统计学处理

应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,采用t检验或方差分析,两两比较用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 耐药结直肠癌细胞LoVo中MIF表达和有氧糖酵解的变化

通过用5-FU培养LoVo 6个月,成功构建对5-FU耐药的结直肠癌LoVo/5-FU细胞,LoVo和LoVo/5-FU对5-FU的IC50分别为0.220和5.600 μmol/L。同时进一步检测MIF蛋白表达和有氧糖酵解情况,结果显示LoVo/5-FU细胞MIF蛋白表达、葡萄糖摄取率、LDH活性、乳酸产生都较LoVo细胞明显升高(均P<0.05)(图1)。

2.2 下调MIF对LoVo/5-FU耐药和有氧糖酵解的影响

为了解MIF高表达介与LoVo耐药及有氧糖酵解的关系,通过siRNA下调LoVo/5-FU中MIF蛋白表达进一步观察上述指标的变化。结果显示siRNA干扰后,LoVo/5-FU细胞MIF蛋白表达、葡萄糖摄取率、LDH活性、乳酸水平以及对5-FU IC50均明显下降(图2)。

2.3 抑制有氧糖酵解对LoVo/5-FU对5-FU耐药的影响

进一步用P F K-1 5抑制有氧糖酵解,观察LoVo/5-FU对5-FU耐药的变化。结果显示,PFK-15可减少LoVo/5-FU葡萄糖社区了和乳酸水平(均P<0.05),但对LDH活性影响不大(P>0.05);同时,明显减少LoVo/5-FU对5-FU耐药(图3)。

图1 LoVo/5-FU细胞MIF表达和有氧糖酵解的变化 A:细胞生长抑制曲线及细胞对5-FU的IC50;B:Western blot检测MIF蛋白表达及灰度值分析结果;C:糖酵解相关指标检测结果
Figure 1 Changes in MIF expression and aerobic glycolysis in LoVo/5-FU cells A:Cell growth inhibition curves and IC50 values of cells;B:Western blot analysis for MIF protein expressions and results of grayscale intensity analysis;C:Results of detection of glycolysis related markers

图2 下调MIF对LoVo/5-FU耐药和糖酵解的影响 A:Western blot检测MIF蛋白表达与灰度分析结果;B:糖酵解相关指标检测结果;C:细胞生长抑制曲线与IC50
Figure 2 Effects of MIF knockdown on drug resistance and aerobic glycolysis in LoVo/5-FU cells A:Western blot analysis for MIF protein expressions and results of grayscale intensity analysis;B:Results of detection of glycolysis related markers;C:Cell growth inhibition curves and IC50 values

图3 抑制糖酵解对LoVo/5-FU耐药的影响 A:糖酵解相关指标检测结果;B:细胞生长抑制曲线与IC50
Figure 3 Effects of inhibition of aerobic glycolysis on drug resistance of LoVo/5-FU cells A:Results of detection of glycolysis related markers;B:Cell growth inhibition curves and IC50 values

2.4 MIF过表达对LoVo对5-FU耐药的影响及抑制有氧糖酵解的干预作用

为进一步探讨三者的关系,在过表达MIF的LoVo/5-FU细胞上观察以上指标的变化。结果显示,过表达MIF后,LoVo/5-FU细胞MIF蛋白表达、葡萄糖摄取率、LDH活性、乳酸水平和5-FU的IC50均明显增加(均P<0.05);加用有氧糖酵解抑制剂PFK-15后,MIF过表达的上述作用除了LDH活性无明显有下降外,其他作用被明显抑制(均P<0.05)(图4)。

图4 MIF过表达对LoVo对5-FU耐药的影响及同时抑制有氧糖酵解的干预作用 A:Western blot检测MIF蛋白表达与灰度分析结果;B:糖酵解相关指标检测结果;C:细胞生长抑制曲线与IC50
Figure 4 Effects of MIF overexpression on drug resistance of LoVo cells and interventional effects of inhibition of aerobic glycolysis A:Western blot analysis for MIF protein expressions and results of grayscale intensity analysis;B:Results of detection of glycolysis related markers;C:Cell growth inhibition curves and IC50 values

3 讨 论

化疗是结直肠癌治疗的重要手段之一,如何提高化疗疗效和减少肿瘤耐药的能力是目前研究的热点[14-15]。本研究通过5-FU构建耐药的结直肠癌细胞LoVo(LoVo/5-FU),发现其MIF蛋白表达和有氧糖酵解水平都明显增加;而抑制MIF蛋白表达或有氧糖酵解,能显著减少LoVo/5-FU的耐药能力。另一方面,本研究也发现MIF可增加LoVo的有氧糖酵解和对5-FU的耐药能力。

MIF因能抑制单核和巨噬细胞移动而得名。近年来研究[16-18]发现,MIF在肿瘤组织中高表达,其通过促进细胞增殖、抑制凋亡发生和促进血管生成等参与肿瘤的发生发展。进一步的研究[7-8]发现,MIF在肿瘤耐药中也发挥重要作用,MIF可抑制自噬诱导的细胞死亡,进而增加乳腺癌和骨肉瘤等肿瘤的耐药能力。在本研究中发现,在LoVo/5-FU中,MIF的表达较LoVo显著增加;在LoVo中过表达MIF可以增加LoVo对5-FU的耐药;而敲低MIF表达后,LoVo/5-FU的耐药能力被显著抑制。由此说明,MIF是调控结直肠癌耐药的一个重要因子。

MIF是如何调控结直肠癌耐药能力增加的?现有研究[19-21]表明,肿瘤细胞的有氧糖酵解是肿瘤发生发展的重要机制。Ge等[22]发现,有氧糖酵解的关键酶之一PFKFB3可以通过上调乳酸的生成,激活TLR4信号通路,诱导乳腺癌耐药能力增加;而抑制有氧糖酵解也成为减少肿瘤耐药能力的重要手段[23-25]。本研究运用PFKFB3的抑制剂PFK-15处理LoVo/5-FU,减少有氧糖酵解后,发现LoVo/5-FU的耐药能力被明显抑制。同时,本研究也发现,过表达MIF所诱导的LoVo耐药能力的增加可以被PFK-15所抑制。提示,MIF介导的结直肠癌耐药能力增加可能是通过上调结直肠癌有氧糖酵解。

综上所述,MIF介导的有氧糖酵解可能是结直肠癌耐药能力增加的重要机制,是减少直肠癌耐药能力的一个靶点。

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Relationship of macrophage migration inhibition factor enhancing aerobic glycolysis to drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells

HUANG Rong, WANG Hong, CHEN Baohua, FAN Minghu

(Department of General Surgery, the 184 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Yingtan, Jiangxi 335000, China)

Abstract Objective:To investigation the action and mechanism of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) in drug resistance of colorectal cancer.Methods:The 5- fl uorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human colon cancer LoVo/5-FU cells were established by stepwise exposure of human colon cancer LoVo cells to increasing concentrations of 5-FU.The studied parameters included the sensitivity of cells to 5-FU (IC50),MIF protein expression,glucose uptake ability of cells,lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of cells and lactate production from cultured cells supernatant,which were detected by CCK-8 assay,Western blot analysis,2-NBDG method,microporous assay and kit assay,respectively.The differences in above parameters between LoVo/5-FU cells and their parent LoVo cells were compared,and changes in these parameters in LoVo/5-FU cells before and after MIF interference and overexpression by siRNA and lentivirus transfection,or inhibition of aerobic glycolysis by PFKFB3 inhibitor PFK-15 were examined.Results: The LoVo/5-FU cells were successfully constructed,which showed significantly increased MIF protein expression,IC50 to 5-FU,glucose uptake,LDH activity and lactate production level compared with their parent LoVo cells (all P<0.05).In LoVo/5-FU cells,the IC50 to 5-FU,glucose uptake,LDH activity and lactate production level were signi fi cantly decreased after MIF interference by siRNA,while those above parameters were signi fi cantly increased after MIF overexpression (all P<0.05).After inhibition of aerobic glycolysis by PFK-15,the IC50 to 5-FU,glucose uptake and lactate production level in LoVo/5-FU cells were signi fi cantly decreased (all P<0.05),but the LDH activity showed no signi fi cant change (P>0.05),and the same effects were exerted by PFK-15 in LoVo/5-FU cells with MIF overexpression (all P<0.05).Conclusion:MIF enhanced the resistance of LoVo cells to 5-FU by increasing the aerobic glycolysis.

Key words Colorectal Neoplasms;Drug Resistance,Neoplasm;Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors;Glycolysis

CLC number: R735.3

中图分类号:R735.3

doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.007

http://dx.doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.007

Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2017,26(10):1265-1271.

收稿日期:2017-05-13;

修订日期:2017-09-17。

作者简介:黄荣,中国人民解放军第一八四医院主治医师,主要从事结直肠癌方面的研究。

通信作者:汪泓, Email:a13667010409@163.com

(本文编辑 宋涛)

本文引用格式:黄荣,汪泓,陈保华,等.巨噬细胞移动抑制因子促进有氧糖酵解与直肠癌细胞耐药性的关系[J].中国普通外科杂志,2017,26(10):1265-1271.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.007

Cite this article as:Huang R,Wang H,Chen BH,et al.Relationship of macrophage migration inhibition factor enhancing aerobic glycolysis to drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells[J].Chin J Gen Surg,2017,26(10):1265-1271.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.10.007