方法:回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院2014年1月—2016年1月期间450例经手术切除的HCC患者的临床与随访资料,通过统计学方法分析HCC术后早期复发的影响因素。
结果:450例患者中,2年内复发182例(40.4%)。单因素分析结果显示,HCC术后复发与门脉癌栓、术前血清AFP水平、肿瘤数目、最大直径、肿瘤分化程度有关(均P<0.05);Cox比例风险回归分析显示,肿瘤数目(RR=2.148,95% CI=1.175~3.924,P=0.013),肿瘤最大直径(RR=1.591,95% CI=1.006~2.518,P=0.047),门脉有无癌栓(RR=1.835,95% CI=1.242~2.709,P=0.001),血清AFP水平(RR=1.722,95% CI=1.141~2.601,P=0.010),肿瘤分化程度(RR=1.463,95% CI=1.071~1.998,P=0.017)均是HCC术后复发的独立因素。通过以上因素建立函数模型对预测HCC术后早期复发的风险程度有一定价值(似然比检验:χ2=45.727,P<0.001)。
结论:HCC患者手术切除术后早期复发的影响因素较多,其中门脉癌栓、肿瘤数目、最大直径、肿瘤分化程度、血清AFP水平可能是造成复发的独立危险因素,术前综合评估这些因素对预防术后复发有一定的指导意义。
原发性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是危害生命健康的最主要的恶性肿瘤之一。肝细胞癌是最常见的肝癌类型,是世界范围内癌症死亡的第二大原因,特别是在HBV和HCV感染率较高的亚洲和非洲国家[1-3]。据2012年统计,全世界约有78万新发病例和74万死亡病例,我国占新发病例的50%,且呈明显的上升趋势[4]。而目前肝癌根治术是治疗HCC最有效的治疗手段之一[5]。但术后的高复发率仍是影响HCC患者预后的主要影响因素[6]。因此,本研究旨在探讨影响HCC术后早期复发的影响因素,从而一定程度上预测HCC早期复发。
选取郑州大学第一附属医院2014年1月1日—2016年1月1日450例HCC行根治术的患者临床资料。入选标准:⑴ 首次发病且术前诊断为HCC;⑵ 术后切除标本病理明确诊断为HCC。排除标准:⑴ 术后病理诊断为胆管细胞癌及其他病理结果;⑵ 二次手术或术前放疗、化疗;⑶ 合并肺、脑等其他脏器转移;⑷ Child-Pugh分级C级的患者。
通过嘉和病历系统收集患者的临床和病理学资料,包括术前一般资料(年龄、性别、BCLC分期、Child-Pugh分级、肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大直径、是否存在 HBV/HCV感染、术前血清AFP水平等),手术相关资料(肝门阻断时间、肿瘤分化程度、术中出血量、输血量)等,手术方式均采用开腹肝癌切除术。
术后随访1~48个月,通过电话或住院资料查询记录患者术后有无复发及复发时间,随访时间至2018年1月1日。
应用SPSS 21.0专业统计学软件进行数据分析,所有的计数资料以例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,采用Cox比例风险回归分析肝癌复发的危险因素。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
在450例行HCC切除术的患者中,经术后随访得到,复发患者共182例(40.4%),其中术后6个月内复发患者53例(29.1%),术后6个月至1年内复发患者62例(34.1%),术后1~2年内复发患者67例(36.8%)。
结果显示:HCC患者手术切除后复发与肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大直径、血清AFP水平、肿瘤分化程度有关(均P<0.05),与年龄、性别、Child-Pugh分级、有无HBV/HCV感染、肝门阻断时间、术中出血量、输血量等方面,均无明显关系(均P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 HCC患者术后复发危险因素的单因素分析[n(%)]
Table1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for recurrence in HCC patients [n (%)]
因素 复发(n=182) 未复发(n=268) χ2 P年龄(岁)<60156(34.7) 218(48.4) 1.4750.225≥ 6026(5.8) 50(11.1)性别男 140(31.1) 216(48.0) 0.8850.347女42(9.3) 52(11.6)Child-Pugh分级A级 158(35.1) 220(48.9) 1.7990.180 B级 24(5.3) 48(10.7)肿瘤数目(个)192(20.4) 196(43.6)248(10.7) 56(12.4) 34.656 <0.001≥ 342(9.3) 16(3.6)肿瘤最大直径(cm)<590(20.0) 175(38.9) 11.2450.001≥ 592(20.4) 93(20.7)AFP(ng/dL)<40088(19.6) 158(35.1) 4.9180.027≥ 40094(20.9) 110(24.4)HBV/HCV感染有 118(26.2) 178(39.6) 0.1210.728无64(14.2) 90(20.0)术中出血量(mL)<400124(27.6) 168(37.3) 1.4110.235≥ 40058(12.9) 100(22.2)输血量(mL)<400158(35.1) 244(54.2) 2.0370.154≥ 40024(5.3) 24(5.3)肝门阻断时间(min)≤1552(11.6) 60(13.3) 2.2170.137> 15130(28.9) 208(46.2)门脉癌栓有46(10.2) 14(3.1) 37.711 <0.001无 136(30.2) 254(56.4)分化程度高分化 52(11.1) 62(13.2)中分化 86(18.3) 186(39.6) 14.6720.001低分化 44(9.4) 40(8.5)
本研究以生存结局(HCC患者术后早期复发)和无复发生存时间作为因变量,以单因素筛选的有统计学意义的各相关因素作为自变量,进行多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析(变量筛选方法Backward:LR,变量入选标准α=0.05,剔除标准为0.1)。结果:肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大直径、门脉有无癌栓、血清AFP水平、肿瘤分化程度是HCC患者术后早期复发的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 HCC患者术后复发危险因素的Cox比例风险回归分析
Table2 Cox proportional risk regression analysis of risk factors for recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after operation
因素 B SE Wald P RR 95% CI肿瘤数目 0.7640.3086.1780.0132.1481.175~3.924肿瘤最大直径 0.4650.2343.9420.0471.5911.006~2.518门脉有无癌栓 0.4810.2359.7920.0011.8351.242~2.709 AFP 0.5440.2106.6870.0101.7221.141~2.601分化程度 0.3800.1595.7270.0171.4631.071~1.998
根据多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果,拟合出HCC患者术后早期复发风险函数模型表达式为h(t)=h0exp(2.148X1+1.591X2+1.835X3+1.722X4+1.463X5)。该函数指数部分取值越大,则风险函数h(t)越大,则患者早期复发风险越高。预后指数(prognostic index,PI)=2.148X1+1.591X2+1.835X3+1.722X4+1.463X5。X1、X2、X3、X4、X5分别表示肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大直径、门脉有无癌栓、血清AFP水平、肿瘤分化程度;并对该预测模型进行似然比检验,模型差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.727,P<0.001)。
在HCC患者诸多治疗方案中,手术切除术作为目前首选的有效治疗方案[7-8]。但是由于其复发率高,治疗性肝切除术后的长期预后并不令人满意。肝癌的复发一般考虑是由多中心癌变引起的,多中心癌变通常在肝切除术后较长时间发生,或转移通常较早发生[9-10]。术后高复发率也是早期复发(<2年)严重影响治疗效果,肿瘤早期复发是影响HCC患者根治性肝切除术后长期生存的重要因素[11-12]。早期复发主要取决于原发(切除)肿瘤的侵袭性特征,如肿瘤大小、血管侵袭性和较高的血清AFP水平。这些关联支持了早期复发可能源于原发肿瘤肝内转移的观点。相比之下,晚期复发主要与病因学和肝硬化背景有关,后者是肝癌发生的公认危险因素,并为新肿瘤的发展提供了肥沃的土壤[13]。但同时,晚期HCC的肿瘤复发和预后更可能由早期复发决定[14],故本研究专对可能造成术后早期复发的各种危险因素展开讨论。
本研究发现,在众多影响因素中原发性肝癌患者手术切除后早期复发与门脉有无癌栓、肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大直径、血清AFP水平、肿瘤分化程度有关。因此,通过建立函数模型h(t)=h0exp(2.148X1+1.591X2+1.835X3+1.722X4+1.463X5),能够在一定程度上预测早期复发的风险程度。首先血管侵犯,特别是微血管侵犯,是一个导致患者肿瘤分期、肿瘤进展更差的独立的预后因素[15]。而门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)是肝癌患者常见的并发症,常提示病情进展、治疗困难、预后差。本研究中术后有门静脉癌栓的患者比没有门脉癌栓的患者更容易复发(P<0.05)。有研究[16]表示肝癌合并PVTT的发生率为44%~62.2%,中位生存期仅2.7个月。根据门静脉癌栓的不同位置,可分为四型:I0 型为显微镜下形成癌栓,I型为癌栓累及二级及二级以上门静脉分支(肝段门静脉及以上);II型累及一级门静脉分支(门静脉左右支);III型累及门静脉主干者为;IV型累及肠系膜上静脉或下腔静脉程氏分型[17]。由于门静脉分支充当肝癌的引流血管或肝癌通过静脉壁的直接侵袭,肿瘤细胞侵入肿瘤所输出的门静脉分支的腔内。PVTT的形成、肿瘤细胞侵入门静脉分支腔可再次导致I型PVTT,而直接血管壁侵入可导致II型或III型PVTT,导致HCC切除术后的复发[18-19]。门脉有无癌栓形成也可能与微血管癌栓形成肝内微转移灶,而术中未能完全清除而致术后复发有关[20]。
同样,肿瘤的数目和最大直径也是影响肝癌早期复发的主要影响因素之一。在本研究中,肿瘤数目越多,肿瘤最大直径越大,术后复发的可能性就越大(P<0.05)。尤其是直径>5 cm 的大肝癌,通常具有较高的侵袭性,有研究[21]显示肝癌直径若>5 cm,即使经病理检查发现手术切缘肿瘤细胞为阴性,但仍可见肿瘤的微卫星灶及镜下血管侵犯,发生肝内转移和大静脉侵犯的机会也较多。肿瘤数目多、肿瘤直径>5 cm复发风险高,也可能与肿瘤体积大,压迫或侵犯大血管及胆管等重要结构、肝硬化程度高、肝功能储备差、器官毗邻等因素有关[22]。Chan等[13]也指出,肿瘤大小是肝癌早期复发的关键参数。
肿瘤的分化程度一般代表肿瘤的生物学特性。本研究中分化程度越差,术后更容易复发(P<0.05)。分化程度越高的肿瘤组织,其恶性程度越低,侵袭性低,手术切除后复发率较低。反之,分化程度低的肿瘤侵袭性高,致使癌细胞增殖生长旺盛,易生长突破包膜,向周围组织浸润,早期易出现复发转移[23-24]。
AFP是一种重要的肿瘤标志物,是一种酸性糖蛋白。分子量为69000[25-26]。血药浓度在健康成人中AFP通常<25 ng/mL,如果血清AFP升高,可预测HCC、生殖细胞肿瘤、转移癌的高危性[27-28]。AFP是HCC的特异性标志物。本研究中血清AFP水平高的患者在复发患者总体中占51.6%,在总样本量中占20.9%(χ2=4.918,P=0.027)。安松林等[29]研究同样表明AFP是判断预后的重要因素,400 ng/mL可作为预测无复发生存的截点值。血清AFP越高,肝癌复发可能性就越大。Hu等[30]的研究也同样证实这一点。
本研究回顾性分析本医院450例HCC患者,在选择样本上存在一定程度的选择偏倚,故需要在进一步进行多中心、大样本的长期临床研究加以证实,并采用队列研究来验证本研究的函数模型。总而言之,门脉有无癌栓、肿瘤数目、最大直径、肿瘤分化程度可能是造成复发的独立危险因素,术前评估这些因素对预防术后复发有一定的指导意义。
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Analysis of factors for early recurrence of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after resection
Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 450 HCC patients undergoing surgical resection from January 2014 to January 2016 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. The factors for early postoperative recurrence of HCC were determined by statistical analysis.
Results:Of the 450 patients, recurrence within 2 years after surgery occurred in 182 cases (40.4%). Results of univariate analysis showed that portal vein tumor thrombus and preoperative serum AFP level as well as the number, maximum diameter and differentiation of the tumor were significantly associated with the postoperative recurrence of HCC (all P<0.05). Results of Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that lesion number(RR=2.148, 95% CI=1.175-3.924, P=0.013), maximum diameter of tumor (RR=1.591, 95% CI=1.006-2.518,P=0.047), presence and absence of the portal vein tumor thrombus (RR=1.835, 95% CI=1.242-2.709, P=0.001),serum AFP level (RR=1.722, 95% CI=1.141-2.601, P=0.010), and degree of differentiation (RR=1.463,95% CI=1.071-1.998, P=0.017) were all independent factors for postoperative recurrence of HCC. The functional prediction equation established by incorporating these factors had certain value in estimating the early postoperative recurrence of HCC (likelihood-ratio test:χ2=45.727, P<0.001).
Conclusion:There are multiple factors that affect the early recurrence of HCC patients after surgical resection,among which portal vein tumor thrombus, lesion number, and maximum diameter and differentiation degree of the tumor and serum AFP level may be independent risk factors for recurrence. Integrated evaluation of these factors before operation has certain directive significance in preventing postoperative recurrence.
Cite this article as: Le Q, Zhu TE, Mo ZY, et al. Analysis of factors for early recurrence of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after resection[J]. Chin J Gen Surg, 2019, 28(1):18-23. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2019.01.003