桥本氏甲状腺炎与甲状腺乳头状癌相关性研究进展

粟敦涛,欧阳辉,李新营

(中南大学湘雅医院 甲状腺外科,湖南 长沙 410008)

摘 要 桥本氏甲状腺炎(HT)与甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)的相关性以及HT 是否会促进PTC 的发生发展多年来是一个有争议的话题,近年来大量研究证实HT 与PTC 的发生发展有着密切的关系。肿瘤的产生可以认为是肿瘤细胞本身异常的生理特性、肿瘤微环境的形成及外部环境因素影响共同作用的结果。HT被认为是一种慢性炎症反应,浸润在HT 患者甲状腺周围的各种炎性细胞会损伤间质细胞的DNA,导致DNA 的错误修复,从而促进PTC 的发生。肿瘤微环境通过影响免疫监视与肿瘤扩散在肿瘤发生和发展的不同阶段发挥关键作用。PTC 相关巨噬细胞和肥大细胞产生的趋化因子可诱导产生大量免疫细胞,浸润性免疫细胞和PTC 细胞之间复杂的相互作用已经成为影响PTC 发生发展的重要因素。在分子机制方面,HT 促进PTC 发生发展与RET 基因的重排、p63 蛋白质的表达、RAS、BRAF 基因的突变和PI3K/Akt 的表达相关。在免疫机制研究中,发现CD3+,CD4+ 和Th17 细胞在PTC 的发生发展中起到重要的作用。内分泌方面,长期HT 引起促甲状腺激素(TSH)升高也是PTC 发生发展以及术后复发的独立危险因素。在临床大数据方面,HT 是PTC 发生的独立危险因素,患有HT 的患者中PTC 的发病率明显升高。同时PTC 的患者中HT 的患病率也明显高于不患有PTC 患者的患病率。石蜡病理中发现合并了HT 的PTC 结节比单纯的PTC 结节具有更好的临床病理特征以及预后。PTC 合并HT 的患者恶性结节多灶性发生率更高,但PTC 合并HT 的恶性结节中央区淋巴结转移率更低、结节直径更小、远处转移发生率也更低。在这些患者的PTC 结节中BRAFV600E 基因突变率更低,这说明HT 对于PTC患者预后的良好保护作用。HT 和PTC 的相关性是目前甲状腺方面的研究热点,近几年很多学者在分子机制方面做了大量的研究。相关的临床特征可以进一步指导临床医生对于PTC 患者临床特征和预后的判断。充分认识HT 和PTC 的相关性将有助于加深对PTC 发生机制的理解,可为PTC 的免疫治疗提供新的思路和方法。

关键词 甲状腺癌,乳头状;桥本病;综述

桥本氏甲状腺炎(Hashimoto's thyroiditis,HT)的病理表现主要为弥漫性淋巴细胞浸润,又称慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎,是最常见的甲状腺自身免疫性疾病[1]。以甲状腺体积增加、实质的淋巴细胞浸润、甲状腺功能减退以及血清相关特异性抗体升高为特征。甲状腺癌是目前全球范围内发病率上升最快的内分泌实体恶性肿瘤,其发病率已列世界女性恶性肿瘤的第5 位,在我国位列第4位[2-3]。甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是最常见的甲状腺癌,由于彩超的普及,甲状腺结节的检出率逐年上升,近年来PTC合并HT的发病率也迅速增长[4-5]。早在1955年HT与PTC的联系就由Dailey等[6]首次提出,但是HT与PTC的相关性以及HT是否会促进PTC的发生发展多年来是一个有争议的话题。尽管长期的慢性炎症会促进恶性肿瘤的发生发展这一理论早在肺癌、肠癌等恶性肿瘤中被证实[7],但是这一理论在HT与PTC中并没有较完整的体现,其中相关的机制还有待阐明。现就HT与PTC的相关性以及HT合并PTC临床病理特征等方面做一综述。

1 HT 与PTC 的诊断

1.1 HT 的诊断

HT主要根据患者血清中特异性甲状腺相关抗体[甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)]以及病理特征综合进行诊断,血清中TPOAb以及TgAb水平的升高是HT重要的诊断标准。大部分(80%~90%)的HT患者体内存在TPOAb水平超过正常范围,血清中TPOAb水平超过正常范围诊断HT的敏感性为90%。而TgAb在约60%~80%的患者中存在,诊断HT的敏感度不如TPOAb[8]。由于TgAb可干扰血清中Tg的测量,临床上更多的同时测量TgAb和Tg用于监测PTC的复发[9]。也有学者认为TgAb是初期免疫反应的表现,TPOAb是初期免疫后反应的结果,类似免疫升级一样抗体在体内先后出现[9]

颈部超声已经成为甲状腺疾病患者最常用检查手段,HT 患者最典型的多普勒超声为图像特点为弥漫性低回声以及不均质回声,回声强度和周围带状肌相似。HT 患者常伴有双侧甲状腺对称性增大,晚期时甲状腺质地较硬。这是甲状腺内淋巴细胞增多以及纤维组织增生的结果[10]。Pedersen等[11]通过对485例超声表现为的患者以及100名正常甲状腺回声正常的患者彩超表现以及血清抗体分析后得出:弥漫性低回声这一超声特征对甲状腺自身免疫性疾病的阳性预测值为88.3%,阴性预测值为93%,并且这一超声特征比血清TPOAb升高出现更早,能比TPOAb更早的预测甲状腺功能障碍。

HT的组织病理变化既包括甲状腺滤泡周围的间质,也包括甲状腺细胞本身,并有不同的表现形式。HT经典的组织病理变化为增大、灰白、坚硬的甲状腺,其显微镜下病理学表现为甲状腺滤泡广泛被浆细胞和淋巴细胞浸润,形成清晰的淋巴细胞生发中心。其中淋巴细胞和甲状腺细胞紧密接触,促进免疫细胞对甲状腺的破坏,同时伴有不同程度的细胞间质纤维化,随着病程的延长甲状腺的硬度越来越高[12]。HT发展到一定时间后由于自身甲状腺相关抗体(TPOAb、TgAb)对甲状腺细胞的损害,病变的甲状腺组织被大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞和纤维组织所取代[13]

1.2 PTC 的诊断

超声引导下甲状腺穿刺活检是PTC主要的诊断方式之一[14]。超声是甲状腺结节首选的检查方式,超声可以观察到结节的大小、形态是否规则、是否有钙化、纵横比是否>1以及是否突出包膜等特征,这些超声征象可以初步评价并判断结节的良恶性[15]。超声检查的优势之一是其属于无创检查,尽管近年来超声分辨率以及清晰度有了进一步提高,超声诊断的准确率仍受制于操作者经验。超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺活检(FNAB)是诊断甲状腺结节良恶性最准确的方法之一,这是一项可于门诊完成的低风险、低花费的检查方法。结合超声检查能够更好地确定结节的大小和位置,更有目的的选择那些具有恶性征象的结节进行穿刺。将超声技术和甲状腺细针活检技术有机结合起来,可以极大的提高细针穿刺的准确性以及减少诊断性的甲状腺手术。因此这种技术已经成为管理和评估甲状腺结节最好的手段。对于超声检查以及FNAB检查最终不能确定的结节,经过手术标本的慢石蜡结果可确诊[16]

2 HT 与PTC 相关性的可能机制

2.1 慢性炎症反应导致甲状腺癌的发生

HT 是一种自身免疫性疾病,不止是针对肿瘤的一种特异性免疫反应,其本质上是一种持续的慢性炎症反应。有学者[17]认为在慢性炎症的过程中,在趋化因子,细胞因子等多种因素的作用下,HT患者的甲状腺细胞周围会诱导各种炎性细胞浸润,进一步损伤间质细胞的DNA,为PTC的发生创造有利的条件。最近的一项研究基因表达实验已经证实了甲状腺免疫淋巴细胞的浸润与DNA错误修复之间有着较强的相关性[18]。另一方面,恶性肿瘤产生认为是肿瘤细胞本身异常的生理特性、肿瘤微环境的形成及外部环境因素影响共同作用的结果[19],肿瘤微环境通过影响免疫监视和肿瘤扩散在肿瘤发生和发展的不同阶段发挥关键作用[20-21]。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和肥大细胞产生的趋化因子可诱导产生大量免疫细胞,而相对应产生的免疫细胞则参与了PTC的发生[22-23]。总的来说,浸润性免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞之间复杂的相互作用已经成为影响肿瘤发生发展的重要因素。

2.2 分子机制

目前关于HT和PTC两者之间的分子机制仍然是一个热点讨论的问题。一些研究发现HT 促进PTC发生发展与一些肿瘤标志物相关:RET基因的重排、p63蛋白质的表达、RAS、BRAF基因的突变和PI3K/Akt的表达[20,24]。研究发现RET基因融合而诱导产生癌蛋白的二聚/寡聚体,这些重排将会导致RET基因组成性激活。当在缺乏配体的情况下,点突变和基因重排都会导致RET基因酪氨酸激酶活性的激活。最近有研究进一步发现来自RET基因络氨酸激酶结构域和异源基因区域的重排会促进PTC的发生发展[25]

此外,还有研究发现了HT和PTC之间的免疫介导的分子机制。认为PTC的发生发展是由慢性炎症状态下免疫细胞产生的细胞介质引起的[26]。最近几项研究发现CD3+,CD4+和Th17细胞在PTC的发生发展中起到重要的促进作用[27-28]。之前的研究认为在同时患有PTC和HT的患者中,细胞免疫对PTC的发生发展并无明显的促进作用[29],最新研究[30]表明体液免疫与HT仍有相关性。

2.3 促甲状腺激素(TSH)升高促进PTC 的发生发展

TSH是由腺垂体分泌的一种促进甲状腺激素分泌的激素,同时TSH的升高是PTC发生发展以及术后复发的独立危险因素[31],血清中甲状腺相关抗体与PTC的发生发展密切相关[32-33]。TSH不仅是甲状腺激素产生的内源性刺激因子,同时也是甲状腺细胞的生长因子,即使在正常范围内的TSH升高也会增加PTC发生的风险[34]。HT患者血清中升高的甲状腺特异性抗体可破坏正常的甲状腺组织。随着病程时间的推移,大部分患者将发生甲状腺功能减退,通过机体负反馈使血清TSH升高,长期的TSH升高状态也会促进PTC的发生发展。

3 HT 与PTC 之间的相关性

3.1 HT 与PTC 之间的相关性

自从1955年第一次提出PTC和HT的相关性以来,越来越多的学者研究了两者之间的相关性。但是关于HT和PTC的相关性尚有争议,早期一些研究得出HT和甲状腺癌发生并不相关。在D'Avanzo等[35]的病例对照研究中,包含了399例甲状腺癌患者以及617例非甲状腺癌的患者,结果并未发现甲状腺癌和HT的相关性(RR=2.8,95% CI=0.6~12.4)。之前的研究关于HT的诊断均通过甲状腺细针穿刺得到。细胞学病理的诊断过程易受多种因素的影响,细胞病理检查的准确率往往低于手术标本的准确率。在HT和血清甲状腺自身抗体存在情况下,淋巴细胞的浸润增加甲状腺细胞的异型性,使得细针穿刺下的甲状腺细胞诊断的准确性降低[36-38]。近年来认为PTC与HT相关且HT会促进PTC的发生这一观点越来越受到人们的认可。Rodis等[39]回顾性的分析了由多中心收集的6069例甲状腺手术的患者,结果发现HT和PTC密切相关,PTC在HT患者的手术标本中更常见。和之前的研究结果一致的认为HT会促进PTC的发生发展。

3.2 在HT 患者中PTC 的发病率更高

有学者发现HT会促进PTC 发生,在HT患者中PTC 的发病率更高。一项收集了近年来HT 和PTC相关性的大样本的Mata分析中,有27项研究被纳入。其中包含了18 项甲状腺手术标本的研究,6 项甲状腺细针穿刺标本的研究。一共纳入了76281 例患者,HT 患者中PTC 的平均发生率在1.12%~40.11%之间。在不同类型标本中均支持PTC 和HT 相关且HT 的患者中PTC 的发病率更高。虽然不同的研究存在异质性,但最终结论发现与没有HT的患者相比,患有HT的患者PTC的发病率更高,并得出HT 是PTC 发生的危险因素(OR=2.12,95% CI=1.78~2.52)[40]

3.3 在PTC 的患者中HT 的发病率更高

研究发现在PTC的患者中HT的发病率更高。一项包含了从1955—2016年的36项研究[41](64628例患者)的系统回顾中发现:在PTC患者组中,HT患者组相比对照组的相对危险度为2.26,在HT患者组中,PTC患者组相比对照组的RR为1.40。研究发现在PTC患者中HT的患病率是高于非PTC患者的,同时在HT患者中PTC的发病率是高于不患有HT的患者的,差异均有统计学意义。

4 HT 合并PTC 的临床病理特征以及预后

4.1 合并HT 的PTC 结节具有更好的临床病理特征

HT与PTC的相关性不仅仅体现在发病率上,同时患有HT和PTC患者的PTC结节具有更好的临床病理特征。甲状腺癌手术中的结节大小、转移的淋巴结的数目、恶性结节是否有腺外侵犯、是否有远处转移、是否有BRAFV6000E基因的突变均关系到PTC术后治疗方案的选择以及复发风险的大小。Lee等[42]通过分析2928例同时患有PTC和HT的患者甲状腺结节的临床病理特征发现这些患者的PTC结节的多灶性和腺外侵犯发生率更高。结合了这两个危险因素综合分析后得出同时患有PTC和HT患者的预后优于单纯的PTC患者。这与国内Zhu等[43]提出的观点一致,其还发现HT降低了PTC患者中央区淋巴结转移的风险。关于同时患有HT和PTC患者的淋巴结转移特征有学者提出相反的观点,分析血清中甲状腺相关抗体和临床病理特征后得出:甲状腺自身免疫性抗体阳性的PTC患者中央区有更多的阳性淋巴结,这是PTC远处转移的保护因素[4]。由于HT的患者中央区反应性增生的淋巴结增多而导致术中清扫出更多的淋巴结,阳性淋巴结的检出个数会大大增加。也有研究发现HT有利于PTC的预后和复发风险的降低[44]

4.2 合并HT 的PTC 结节具有更好的预后

HT 合并PTC 的患者具有更好预后表现[25]。Selek等 [45]分析了577例PTC患者和293例结节性甲状腺肿患者血清中TPOAb、TgAb的水平后发现与没有甲状腺自身免疫性疾病的患者相比,HT合并PTC患者的肿瘤直径更小、肿瘤突出腺体被膜的发生率更低、TNM分期更早,从而得出同时患有HT和PTC的患者拥有更好的预后的结论。Girardi等[46]一项长达11年的横断面研究也提出了相同的观点。在Moon等[47]的一项包含了71项研究的Mate分析中,综合评价了PTC合并HT的患者在淋巴结转移、肿瘤腺外侵犯、结节多灶性等方面的临床病理特征。在44034例PTC患者的临床病理特征中综合分析得出HT是PTC结节腺外侵犯,中央区淋巴结转移,以及远处转移的保护因素,是结节多灶性的独立危险因素。结节多灶性是肿瘤的特征而不是甲状腺癌进展的危险因素,所以此研究认为患有HT的PTC患者比单纯的PTC患者表现出更好的临床病理特征和更好的预后。在Dong等[48]的研究中,HT患者体内高TPOAb水平(>1300Ku/L)是多灶性PTC的有效预测指标。研究设计不同,样本量的不同以及研究指标的不同是造成不同结果的原因。

4.3 合并HT 的PTC 结节BRAFV600E 突变率更低

与PTC 相关的另一个常见的致癌基因为BRAFV600E,其突变率在PTC 的患者中突变率较高。最近研究发现BRAFV600E突变在伴有HT的PTC患者中突变率更低[49]。BRAFV600E基因突变是PTC中最常见的突变,与肿瘤腺外侵犯,淋巴结转移以及术后复发显著相关[50]。其也是甲状腺癌患者预后的一个重要影响因素,在BRAFV600E基因突变的PTC患者中恶性结节多灶性发生率更高、侵袭性更强、转移的恶性淋巴结数目更多[51]。Zeng等[52]的一项回顾性研究发现同时患有HT和PTC的患者肿瘤中BRAFV600E基因突变率更低、中央区阳性淋巴结数目较少以及腺外侵犯的发生率更低。Kim等[53]同样认为BRAFV600E基因突变在PTC合并HT的患者中相比单纯PTC较少发生,发现HT是PTC患者侵袭性降低的影响因素。更好地临床病理特征以及更好的临床表现预示着更好地预后以及更低的复发率。

总之,关于PTC与HT之间发生发展基本机制尚需要进一步的研究,PTC合并HT的患者具有更好的临床病理特征和预后表现。为了更好地验证HT和PTC预后之间的联系,仍然需要进行进一步的大型的队列研究以及长期随访的前瞻性研究。

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Relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma:recent progress

SU Duntao,OUYANG hui,LI Xinying

(Department of Thyroid Surgery,Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha 410008,China)

Abstract The association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT)and papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)and whether HT can promote the occurrence and development of PTC have been a controversial topic for many years.In recent years,many studies have confirmed that there is a close relationship between HT and the occurrence and development of PTC.Tumorigenesis can be regarded as the joint outcome of the abnormal features of tumor cells,the influences of the formation of tumor microenvironment and external environmental factors.HT is considered as a chronic inflammatory reaction,and various inflammatory cells infiltrating around the thyroid gland of HT patients will damage the DNA of interstitial cells,leading to the wrong repair of DNA,thus promoting the occurrence of PTC.Tumor microenvironment plays a key role in different stages of tumorigenesis and development of tumors by affecting immune surveillance and tumor diffusion.Chemokines produced by PTC-associated macrophages and mast leukocytes can induce the production of various immune cells.The complex interaction between infiltrating immune cells and PTC cells has become an important factor affecting the occurrence and development of PTC.In terms of molecular mechanism,HT promoting the occurrence and development of PTC is related to RET gene rearrangement,p63 protein expression,RAS,BRAF gene mutation and PI3K/Akt expression.In the aspect of immune mechanism,CD3+,CD4+ and Th17 cells were found to play important roles in the occurrence and development of PTC.As for the endocrine aspect,the increase of thyroidstimulating hormone(TSH)caused by long-term HT is also an independent risk factor for the occurrence,development,and postoperative recurrence of PTC.As regards to the big clinical data,HT is an independent risk factor for PTC,and the incidence rate of PTC was significantly higher in patients with HT.At the same time,the prevalence of HT in patients with PTC was significantly higher than that in patients without PTC.Paraffin pathology found that patients with PTC nodules and concomitant HT had better clinicopathologic features and prognosis than those with lone PTC nodules.The patients with PTC and HT had a higher incidence of multifocality of malignant nodules,but the patients with PTC and HT had a lower incidence of central lymph node metastasis,smaller nodule diameter and lower incidence of distant metastasis.The mutation rate of BRAFV600E gene was lower in PTC nodules of these patients,which indicate that HT have a good protective effect on the prognosis of PTC patients.The correlation between HT and PTC is a hot topic in thyroid research.In recent years,many scholars have conducted a lot of studies on the molecular mechanism.Relevant clinical features can further guide clinicians to judge the clinical characteristics and prognosis of PTC patients.Fully understanding the correlation between HT and PTC will help to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of PTC and provide new ideas and methods for immunotherapy of PTC.

Key words Thyroid Cancer,Papillary;Hashimoto Disease;Review

中图分类号:R736.1

doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.05.014

http://dx.doi.org/10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.05.014

Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2021,30(5):606-612.

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073262)。

收稿日期:2020-11-27;

修订日期:2021-04-14。

作者简介:粟敦涛,中南大学湘雅医院住院医师,主要从事甲状腺基础与临床方面的研究。

通信作者:李新营,Email:lixinyingcn@csu.edu.cn

CLC number:R736.1

(本文编辑 宋涛)

本文引用格式:粟敦涛,欧阳辉,李新营.桥本氏甲状腺炎与甲状腺乳头状癌相关性研究进展[J].中国普通外科杂志,2021,30(5):606-612.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.05.014

Cite this article as:Su DT,Ouyang H,Li XY.Relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma:recent progress[J].Chin JGen Surg,2021,30(5):606-612.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2021.05.014